Inevitable Cold War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1541 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Cold War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Lets parse this and break down some of the reasons that the Cold War broke out. First of all, at the end of the Second World War the Soviets were the dominant land force in Europe, but this force had some severe limitations. First of all, their logistical machinery was largely supplied by the Americans: they couldnt have been nearly as successful without those Studebakers and the thousands of miles of phone lines, etc., that came in from the US. Furthermore, this army had run out of replacements in January 1945, so its combat strength could only go down. Next, there wasnt an easy way to feed these troops, because the Soviet Union was so decimated. Also, while the Soviet Air Force was good, it wasnt on the level of the US and British Air Forces. And, of course, the Soviet Union did not have the atom bomb. This means that while the Soviets were imposing and very scary to the West, they had weaknesses of which Stalin was largely aware. The Westerners understood that the Soviet military was flawed, but they also knew that the cost of fighting the Soviet Union would have been enormous. Could the Soviet Union have won a war with a determined West in 1945? Absolutely not, but victory would have taken years and several more atom bombs. Now, the Soviet Unions leadership were concerned about the Western threat. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Inevitable Cold War" essay for you Create order In fact, they had been paranoid about this threat for decades. Lets be clear, there were many times that the threat had manifested itself in violence. Stalin and his cronies made some incorrect assumptions about the Western threat, though. First of all, they lumped the Nazis in with the British and the Americans: Stalin always feared they would come to an accommodation. Secondly, the Soviet Unions leading economic theorists believed that the prime economic engine of the West was the United States. The United States produced an enormous amount of stuff, but it did so with deficit spending and its spending was devoted to war materials. With the war coming to an end the US home front was going to be flooded with returning veterans for whom there were no jobs. Furthermore, there was practically no consumption at home to sustain spending, so American industries would collapse again from lack of demand. This would open the door for communist success in the West and Stalin wanted to be ready for that. Lets add something into all of the above: the Soviet Union had a huge army that it could not feed. It couldnt afford to release its veterans back home because there was no place for them to go. The solution was to keep them in uniform occupying Eastern Europe. They looted the land under the guise of reparations and also provided a useful buffer for the Soviet Union. Now, Stalins economic assumptions were actually more or less correct. In the immediate aftermath of the War the West did suffer some bad recessions. There wasnt enough food. There certainly werent enough jobs for returning US servicemen. Communist parties in Europe made lots of headway. What Stalin did not anticipate was the way in which America responded. First of all, the US was more prepared for returning servicemen than even they realized. The GI Bill was a stroke of genius. For one thing, it gave many servicemen the opportunity to go to college. That meant that many servicemen ended up going to school instead of returning to the work force. This alone forced an expansion of the education sector which in turn drove domestic consumption. The educated folks who graduated years later provided the basis for the educated workforce the US needed. The GI Bill also allows for servicemen to get decent mortgage rates, etc. This made it easier for employed servicemen to buy a house. Now, the construction industry had been moribund for much of the Depression and only returned to life during the War. Well, the construction during the War was not for civilian use, so there was a huge pent up demand for housing. The construction industry actually expands. So, in the US there was a minor recession, but it was ameliorated in the long term by the GI Bill. The GI Bill was not intended to save the US from economic ruin: it was just a bonus. But the Marshall Plan was intended to save the West from economic ruin. People forget how much money and aid the US was already sending overseas and they focus on the Marshall Plan. This is for a very good reasons: the Marshall Plan was designed to jump start industry. It was all loan money, sure, but the US had rules on how it was to be spent. The first 40% could be spent on foreign (US) goods. This, of course, drove the US economy even further. The next 60%, though, had to be spent on local industry. This was brilliant. The US was essentially writing a check to allow Western countries to deficit spend to rebuild their industrial sectors. Now, if youre Stalin, you see postwar Europe going the way you want it to, then you begin to perceive a sudden turning of the tide against you. To Stalin this looks like a direct threat to him and the Soviet Union. Stalin knew that the Soviet Union and its satellite states were woefully behind in reconstruction. In Stalins opinion he had to pressure the West into making humiliating concessions to the Soviet Union. The idea here was to demonstrate to Europe that the Soviets were the only true power on the continent. If the US backed down from a war, then the Western countries would realize the US wont help them resist the Soviets. Thus, we get recurring Berlin Crises, etc. Of course, the US did stand up to the Soviet Union which resulted in a hardening of the Western alliance. Stalins miscalculation in this respect led to the consolidation of anti-communist sentiment. Stalin was brutal and evil, but he was not an idiot. His calculations are rational, but his conclusions were all wrong . A few things happened. One of them is George Kennan. George Kennan articulated the theory of containment. Basically, he argued that the communist states could not possibly succeed unless they had access to all of the worlds resources, otherwise they would always be forced into the market for the things they needed and that was to their disadvantage. To this end, Kennan posited, the Soviet Union needed to push worldwide revolution: communism could only be successful when it achieved world domination. Now Kennans theory is widely reviled and he himself complained how much it was misinterpreted. He was right that economically a true communist state could only succeed if it had all means of production under its control. He was wrong in assuming that that was necessarily Stalins goal. Stalin more likely wanted to neuter the major powers around him and to dominate Eurasia. In other words, Stalins motivation was defensive driven by his paranoia. In any case, Kennan argued that stopping the communist tide rested on a combination of approaches, diplomatic, cultural, economic, and military. To his consternation, most US governments interpreted Kennans plan as necessitating military involvement and commitment and ignoring the other factors he laid out. This was a dumb choice, because it meant ignoring the USs other strengths to compete wit h the Soviet Unions one strength. Kennan lays out a policy, but it catches fire for many reasons. One is that many politicians in the US are already inclined to be anti-communist. Even if theyre somewhat socialistic in their outlook they are often anti-Soviet. Plus, the sense is that giving the communists an inch anywhere would be appeasement, and that led to disaster with Hitler. During the Depression Roosevelt had a coalition that included many socialist/communist sympathizers. There was certainly an uptick in Communist Party membership. Thats not a problem, except the Comintern tried to keep fairly tight control of communist parties outside of the Soviet Union. The perception was that the Soviets controlled the foreign communist parties. At the very least the Soviet Union used the communists and their fellow travelers as a recruiting base for spies. As spies were uncovered paranoia in the United States mounted. Toss in the fact that politicians were using the spy issue to undermine their political and cultural opponents, and no one wants to be seen as soft on communism. What we have here is a ratcheting process: The Soviet Union was trying to achieve its goals by frustrating the United States. The United States felt that the Soviet Union was trying to expand its power by any means necessary. They ended up both raising the stakes, because neither one wanted to be humiliated. I think the Cold War could not have been avoided given what people knew at the time. Both sides were rational but had totally different domestic pressures and ways of looking at the world. Neither could see a way out of confrontation without backing down. I also dont believe the Cold War could have been avoided given what we know now. Only if the Soviets and the Americans gave up their lifelong preconceptions about the other, which would be incredibly unrealistic.

Essay on Napoleon Bonaparte and the Catholic Church

Tension grew between the Catholic Church and France during the French Revolution, leading to a schism, which deeply devastated the Church’s economy. Pope Pius VII and Napoleon Bonaparte came into power as the French Revolution was ending. For different reasons they both saw the importance of restoring Roman Catholicism’s position in France. The Catholic Church’s initial support of Napoleon greatly affected both parties (O’Dwyer 12-14, 43, 49). This statement has led me to ask the following question: To what extent did the support of Napoleon affect the Church’s role as a political and economic power in France? In this paper I will argue against the traditional view that Napoleon’s contract with the Catholic Church was solely beneficial to†¦show more content†¦The loss of one of its great powers caused the Catholic Church great distress. Pope Pius VI, who ruled during the Revolution, died and in 1799, Pope Pius VII was elected. Pius V II inherited many problems, including the division between France and Rome. Just as Pope Pius VII was coming into power, Napoleon Bonaparte, a young, military genius, was elected as First Consul of the Post-Revolutionary French government (O’Dwyer 43, 49). Both Napoleon and Pius VII saw the importance in ending the schism and restoring Catholicism in France. Napoleon saw the reestablishment of the Catholic Church in France â€Å"as a social bedrock and as an ideological anodyne† (Ellis 41) and used it to gain immediate political power. The Catholic Church wanted influence in France again and was willing to strike a deal with Napoleon to do so. In 1801 they officially published the Concordat, which restored Catholicism as the main religion in France (O’Dwyer 56). In 1802, Napoleon, without Pius’ consent, added an additional â€Å"a list of police regulations that severely restricted the Papacy’s role in France (Ellis 41), known as the Organic Articles, which aggravated Pope Pius VII. The Church’s support of the Conco rdat legitimized Napoleon’s autocratic rule, but it also stopped the schism that the Revolution had started. From Napoleon’s coronation in 1804 to the imprisonment of Pope Pius VII in Fontainebleau, the relationshipShow MoreRelatedNapoleon And The Enlightenment1214 Words   |  3 PagesNapoleon And The Enlightenment The enlightenment was a time of great learning throughout Europe during the eighteenth century. Although the period is significant for scientific and other scholastic advancements, it is most important because it allowed for the opening of great minds--such as that of Napoleon Bonaparte. Shortly after this enlightenment made its way through Europe, revolution and civil war ripped through France between 1879 and 1899. 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Hibernation Free Essays

Arieana Koonce Ms. Stephens Biology Honors March 9, 2013 True Hibernation vs. False Hibernation Hibernation is when a mammal has a low body temperature, slow breathing and heart rate, and low metabolic rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Hibernation or any similar topic only for you Order Now A ground squirrel hibernates in their dens. These dens allow them to sleep for a long time. They rarely wake up. Their hearts beat about 1-2 times per minute. Ground squirrels actually sleep through the entire cold winter. Their body temperature dips down so low that there body is only a couple degrees warmer than outside. It could reach below freezing. These animals prepare for this five to six month period the rest of the year. Hibernation is the animal’s way to adapt to thing. Compared to ground squirrels, who hibernate in dens, and other true hibernators however, the hibernation arrangement of bears is only a sequence of long naps. Since the body temperature of bears remains high and their breathing remains at a normal rate, their winter naps can easily be bothered or woken up. Some bears even wake up during their winter nap and search and walk around for hours, occasionally possibly days. Therefore that makes bears mammals that are not true hibernators. In conclusion, false hibernation is a way for the larger mammals to stay warm throughout winter without having to do all the things the smaller ones do. It is not the same thing as true hibernation because their body temperature only drops a couple of degrees. Although they are very different mammals do whatever they can to survive the tough winter. How to cite Hibernation, Essay examples

Brave New World Essay Questions Example For Students

Brave New World Essay Questions Brave New WorldThis essay was found at www.screw-essays.com and should not be plagiarizedBrave New World Sometimes very advanced societies overlook the necessities of the individual. In the book BraveNew World, Aldous Huxley creates two distinct societies: the Savages and the Fordians. The Fordians aretechnologically sophisticated, unlike the Savages. However, it is obvious that, overall, the Savages have morepractical abilities, have more, complicated, ideals, and are much more advanced emotionally, which all help theindividual to grow. The Savage Reservation provides more opportunities for personal growth than does the Fordiansociety. Throughout the story, it is shown how the Fordian society is much more advanced technologically than theSavage Reservation. Because the Reservation is not fully equipped with well-developed machinery to do all theirwork for them, they must learn to do it themselves. Unlike the Fordians, the Savages are taught functional skills,such as stitching up sim ple tears and weaving. In the story Mitsima, an old man from the reservation, teaches Johnthe Savage how to make a clay pot, using nothing but a lump of clay and his own two hands. This is a very practicaland useful tool. The Savages are taught to cook for themselves, and to clean for themselves. These teachings helpthe individual to grow practically. The Savages also bestow good ideals in their people from which they can learn,understand, and grow. One of the most important things that the Savages are taught is self-control. The WhippingCeremony is a good example of this. In this ceremony a young man was whipped to death in front of a largeaudience and throughout it he made no soundand walked on at the same slow, steady pace (97). The man istaught that to show his strength he must use the uttermost limits of his self-control.They are also taught self-controlin how they are prohibited free sex. They must learn restraint through their lust and desires. It is shown howcapable the Sava ges are when controlling themselves in chapter 13. Lenina, whom John loves and desires morethan anything in the world, is proclaiming herself to John, and yet he restrains himself because they are not married. The Savages are also taught to be responsible. For instance, in families the parents must care for, love, and nurturetheir children as best they can in order for them to develop. An example of this is how Linda takes full responsibilityfor raising John, and even though she has very few skills, she teaches him to read. Another thing that the Savagesprovide for their people is a past from which to learn. For example the old men in the pueblo tell stories of how theworld began.They said thatthe seed of men and of all creatures,the seed of the sun and the seed of the earth ishow the world was created (109). The Savages can learn from this story not to take advantage of things. Thingsmust be tended to for growth, like seeds. This story also gives people the impression that all things are equal. Bysaying that nomatterhowbig or important something is,it started as a seed, and requires the same type of care,it islike saying that everything is equally important and precious. Self-control, str ength, responsibility, and history areonly three of the ideals Savages are taught to help them grow. The Savages are not withheld from feeling emotion,and are encouraged to deal with them, rather than ignore them. This is shown is the contempt the Savage boysshow towards John because he is different, and the pain John feels. Even though these are not happy emotions theyare still emotions which the Savages can use to express themselves. These emotions can be used as learningexperiences and certainly help all of them to grow. The Savages are also taught to express love. This is chieflyshown in the relationship between John and Linda. For example, when the angry women come to hurt Linda, Johntries to protect her and ends up himself getting hurt. Their love for each other is also shown in how Linda reconcileswith John after hurting him when she suddenly put her arms round him and kissed him again and again (107). Allof these emotions contribute to someones personality and help him or he r to grow as a feeling person. Since theindustrial revolution, human kind has placed great emphasis on technological change. The Savage society teaches usthat pre-industrial values may have as much to offer us as modern technological society does, and possibly more. .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b , .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b .postImageUrl , .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b , .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b:hover , .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b:visited , .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b:active { border:0!important; } .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b:active , .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u82a2bf8e01c7403c59c3f98bde11ec5b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ma Joad as Leader in The Grapes of Wrath Grapes Wr EssayThe so-called Savage society is far more realistic, and shows stronger personal values than the more superficialFordian society. Above all, the Savages can express their inner soul far more effectively than their industrialcounterparts.

Opinions and Social Pressure free essay sample

Asch in his essay â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure† conducted an experiment to determine effects of group pressure towards an individual and concluded that there is a very strong tendency to conformity even when doing so conflicting with their own senses of morality. In the experiment a group of young students have to compare length of lines on two different sheets of paper. On one of them there is a sample single line and on the other one there are three lines only one of which is same size as the sample line from the first sheet. People taking part in this experiment are instructed to point at lines that are the same length. At first, during the experiment the group is unanimous in their answers and chooses the correct line, but later on the person that sits near to the end of the line in which people taking part in the experiment are sited, selects different answers then the rest of the group. We will write a custom essay sample on Opinions and Social Pressure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the experiment continues and the situation repeats, the isolated in selecting different than the majority answers person shows signs of feeling uncomfortable in position of dissenter. What he doesn’t know is that the rest of the group is instructed to give wrong answers while the experiment is conducted. The single individual is placed in the minority while actually giving the correct answers. Subjects of this experiment could act independently or they could go along with majority’s opinion. A prominent percentage yielded. Under the majority pressure people are more likely to accept the misleading information. There are extreme examples of totally independent individuals as well as people who totally agree with the majority almost most of the time and the tendency is highly consistent. After reconstructing the experiment the next question for the scientist to answer is which aspect of influence is more important, the size of majority or its unanimity. It turns out, that the majority size makes a difference only to the point where majority group involves three people. Making the majority any bigger would not influence on the error rate for the answers in the experiment. Breaking up unanimity of the group in given answers has a significant effect. In the experiment it is also noted that the rate of wrong answers depends to a considerable degree on how wrong the majority is. Even with significant difference in length of lines there were still individuals who agree with majority error. For those participating in this experiment almost all declare that independence was preferable to conformity. â€Å"Life in society requires consensus as an indispensable conditions. But consensus, to be productive, requires that each individual contribute independently out of his experience and insight. (†¦) We have found that tendency to conformity in our society so strong that reasonably and well- meaning young people are willing to call white black is a matter of concern† (Salomon E. Asch â€Å"Opinion and Social Pressure† pp. 730). The experiment has proven that we live in times where opinion become very subjective and can be easily modified. Social techniques are wildly used in marketing and sales or even by lobbyist in governmental decision making process. The uncertainty of people own senses, opinion or knowledge can be easily abused. Asch’s experiment implements how people believe in the obvious lies. It’s shows simple ways of influencing perception, judgment and action. Results of this experiment trigger a number of social and scientifically researches like study of Berns G.S. (2005) (Neurobiological Correlates of Social Conformity and Independence During Mental Rotation, Biological Psychiatry, 58(3), pp 245-253), that explains decision making influence on very profound level. It proves that social mechanisms of authority have an effect not only on individual behavior but it also effects brain chemistry. Resources: â€Å"Opinions and S ocial Pressure† / by Solomon E. Asch Berns G. S. (2005) (Neurobiological Correlates of Social Conformity and Independence During Mental Rotation, Biological Psychiatry, 58(3), pp 245-253) Reaction Paragraph: I was very surprised by the results of Asch’s experiment. I always knew that the opinion of the group counts and it’s important to most of us, but would never except that the scale and strength of decision making influence techniques can be so large and effective. Society faces many different forms and techniques of decision making influences that were developed from results of the Asch’s experiment. This techniques share common goals which are to make society to obey and find the best ways to achieve social conformity. On positive side, conformity can be used to create predictability references or to organize a convenient social structure that doesn’t require constant renegotiations. On the negative side, it’s a key to a great power over social behavior and actions. This raise questions over morality and responsibility over the actions that could be caused by manipulations. If the study was conducted on contemporary society the results wouldn’t be much different if not even showing stronger tendency to conformity. Living in the age of social media, mass communication networks and globalization concepts individuals are more pressured to obey, to be a part of events or actions not truly and not only by their free will. The study indicates that in big majority people are followers and they tend to obey authority and follow the opinion of majority. Awareness of how humans tend to obey comes with some tips on how we can protect ourselves from external influence. Cultivating a healthy skepticism and exercising active change in our behavior make us less vulnerable to prospective social experiments.

Sample Poor Letter of Recommendation

Sample Poor Letter of Recommendation Letters of recommendation are critical to your graduate school application, and later on, youll find that they are essential parts of your application to internships, post-docs, and faculty positions. Take care in requesting your recommendation letter because not all letters are helpful. Pay attention to signs that the professor is reluctant to write on your behalf. A mediocre or even neutral letter will not help your application and will even hurt it.   ~~ A Sample Poor Letter of Recommendation: Dear Admissions Committee:   Ã‚   It is my pleasure to write on behalf of Lethargic Student, who has applied for admission at XY University. I am Lethargics advisor and have known her for nearly four years since she was a freshman. In Fall, Lethargic will be a senior. She has had a variety of courses in psychological development, clinical psychology, and research methods that will aid her progress as a social work student. She has performed very well in her coursework, as evidenced by her 2.94 GPA. I’ve been very impressed with Lethargic because she is a very hard worker, intelligent, and compassionate.    In closing, I recommend Lethargic Student for admission to XY University. She’s bright, motivated, and has strength of character. If you would like to learn more about Lethargic, please feel free to contact me at (xxx) xxx-xxxx or email xxxxxx.edu    Sincerely,Passionate Prof ~~~~~~~~~~ Why is this letter mediocre? There are no details. The faculty member clearly knows the student only as an advisor and has never had her in class. Moreover, the letter discusses only material thats evident in her transcript. You want a letter that goes beyond listing the courses youve taken and your grades. Seek letters from professors who have had you in class or supervised your research or applied activities. An advisor who has no other contact with you is not a good choice because he or she cannot write about your work and cannot offer examples that illustrate your competencies and your aptitude for graduate work.

Content Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 14750 words

Content Writing - Essay Example The objective of ACLS is to nurture humanistic studies in all fields of learning in the humanities and the social sciences. It also strengthens relations among the national societies devoted to such studies. The core activity of it is to award peer-reviewed fellowship. The Councils work fall under the twin objectives of its mission, one is advancing humanistic scholarship in all fields of study and the other is strengthening relations among the learned societies. Applicants needed someone to guide your dissertation is in the form proper track. (--ABC--) is ready to serve you as your reliable partner. (--ABC--) potentiality to provide quality services for this program and our writes are deeply concerned with such dissertation. Our writers are familiar with further details and terms and conditions of it. Our efficient and professional writers are dedicated to help the students for their dissertation. Qualified writers should provide you a fruitful dissertation for clear understanding. Student would find opportunities to explore their career choices with this dissertation, which would cover a variety of topics in the papers. Our writers will give you prime quality papers for ACM dissertation award, APA citation dissertation, Berkeley dissertation and Digital dissertation. A creative performance of dissertation should produce fruitful outcome for your both ACLS and career level. (--ABC--) will extend you all possible cooperation for dissertation even fully written and ready to submission to your ACLS council to deliver your degree. There are so many categories of written assignment like proposals, schematics, reports, case studies, budgets, outlines and literature reviews. Students also have to know perfect use of these types. We have professional writers who know preparation process. They have prior experience with university instructions, guidance, language style, referencing that are